Current mirror digital to analog converter

ABSTRACT

An integrated circuit digital to analog converter comprised of MOS current mirrors and utilizing additional MOS devices to provide transmission gates and control means. Each transmission gate 36 is connected to a source of digital data to be converted and the mirroring device for each transmission gate 36 has a channel width with some predetermined proportional relationship to the channels of input transistors 12 and mirroring output MOS transistors 14 to 44 with the input transistor 12 connected to a constant current source, the total output mirroring current of the output mirroring transistors is in quantized analog form and varies according to the cumulative currents from the mirroring MOS transistors as the transistors are activated. The invention may be embodied in linear multiplying, non-linear and companding converters.

This is a division, of application Ser. No. 50,961, filed June 22, 1979, abandoned.

This invention relates to electronic devices for converting digital data to an analog output and more particularly to such a device that may be implemented as monolithically fabricated MOS-type integrated circuit device.

Digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital converters are required for many types of electronic apparatus, in fact, wherever it is necessary to interface analog data with digital operation and vice versa. In the transmission of voice information by telephone, it is desirable to convert the analog voice signal to a digital format in order to substantially reduce the effects of noise and signal distortion normally introduced. In other words, a digital signal consisting of zero and one levels is easier to reconstruct or amplify faithfully than an analog signal comprised of a large number of levels. Thus, particular need for efficient digital-to-analog converters arose with pulse code modulated (PCM) telephone systems.

In such communication systems, an encoder-decoder (codec) is used. In the encoder section, analog voice input is converted into digital data for transmission over a telephone line, and in the decoder section a digital-to-analog conversion must be provided to restore the sound of the voice after transmission.

Heretofore, these conversions were accomplished with high speed a-d and d-a converters multiplexed over many analog channels. Using large-scale integration techniques each channel was encoded separately and the resulting digital signals were multiplexed.

With efforts to provide a codec system in the form of one or more integrated circuit semiconductor devices, a problem arose of providing a suitable A to D and D to A converter in a more efficient semiconductor form. One approach to the problem has been to use the so-called capacitor ladder circuit which depends basically on the voltage division of the ladder itself. In such a device, a series of binary-type capacitors are provided with one plate in common and bottom plates of different sizes and thus having different assigned values. When voltages are applied to the bottom plates of the capacitors, then on the top plate of the array itself, a voltage is produced which is a binary sum of all capacitive weighted voltages on the bottom plate. Thus, in a D to A converter a series of digital voltages applied to the bottom plates of the capacitor ladder produces an analog output on the top plates. The accuracy of the output depends in part on the number of capacitors.

One problem in fabricating such a capacitive ladder converter in semiconductor form was the complications inherent in developing a special process with a minimum of extra method steps for producing the capacitors with the necessary electrical characteristics and accuracy tolerances. Another disadvantage with the capacitive ladder technique was that it required the use of a buffering amplifier for most applications. This further complicated the circuitry and process steps required.

The present invention provides a digital to analog converter utilizing only MOSFET elements in an integrated circuit device which does not rely on capacitor ladders or arrays and thus avoids the aforesaid problems and disadvantages.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the principles of the present invention, a digital-to-analog converter is provided which utilizes controlled MOS current mirrors. In such a mirror the ratio of the saturated drain current of two connected MOS transistors is proportional to the widths of their channels assuming their surface mobilities, oxide thicknesses, channel lengths, device thresholds and gate voltages are identical in value. The output current is produced by the mirroring MOS transistor. In the connection between the two MOS devices a transmission gate in combination with another switching device provides on-off control of the mirrored current output. In a typical converter, the mirroring MOS transistors controlled by the transmission gates with their control devices are connected in parallel. Each transmission gate is connected to a source of digital data such as a microprocessor and the mirroring device for each transmission gate has a channel width with some predetermined proportional relationship to the channel widths of the input and mirroring output transistor. Thus, with the input transistor connected to a constant current source I₁ the total output mirroring current I₂ of the output mirroring transistors in analog form, varies according to the mirrored current contributions from the mirroring MOS transistors in a quantising process as they are activated. The aforesaid principles of the invention may be applied to implement linear, multiplying and companding converters fabricated as either P-channel, N-channel or complementary MOS structures.

In summary, the object of the present invention are: to provide a digital-to-analog converter utilizing MOS devices and therefore capable of being fabricated using conventional or known MOS process techniques; to provide a digital-to-analog converter in a monolithic integrated circuit form with a minimum of chip area; and to provide a D/A converter that can be implemented in various forms to accommodate different electronic apparatus.

Other objects, advantages and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description thereof, presented in conjunction with the accompanying drawing.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of an N-channel MOS current mirror;

FIG. 1A is a circuit diagram of a P-channel MOS current mirror;

FIG. 2-1 is a circuit diagram of a controlled N-channel MOS current mirror;

FIG. 2-2 is the circuit of FIG. 2-1 using a logic symbol for the control gate elements with a current mirror;

FIG. 2A-1 is a circuit diagram of controlled P-channel MOS current mirror;

FIG. 2A-2 is the circuit of FIG. 2A-1 using a logic symbol for the control gate elements with a current mirror;

FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of a six-bit N-channel linear current mirror digital-to-analog converter embodying principles of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram of a six-bit CMOS linear current mirror digital-to-analog converter according to the invention;

FIG. 5 is a graphical representation of the "μ255 law" for a digital encoder;

FIG. 6 is a circuit diagram for a companding non-linear current mirror digital-to-analog converter embodying principles of the present invention;

FIG. 6A is a circuit diagram of a P-channel current mirror control gate element used in the converter of FIG. 6;

FIG. 6B is a circuit diagram of an N-channel current mirror control gate element used for implementing step portions of the "μ255 law" in the converter of FIG. 6;

FIG. 6C is a circuit diagram of a mirror control gate element for implementing segment portions of the "μ255 law" in the converter of FIG. 6;

FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing an arrangement for multiplying signals using current mirror digital-to-analog converters according to the present invention; and

FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing a current mirror digital-to-analog converter in a successive approximation circuit to implement an analog-to-digital converter.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

With reference to the drawings, FIGS. 1 and 1A show diagrammatically a basic form of current mirror 10 using MOSFET elements. In the N-channel MOS version of FIG. 1, a pair of MOSFET's 12 and 14 are provided whose gates are connected by a common lead 16 and whose source contacts are connected to a common ground 18. The drain connected lead 20 of one element is connected by a lead 22 to the common gate lead 16 so that the voltage applied to the gates of both MOSFET's is equal.

The ratio of the saturated drain currents of the two elements in the mirror may be expressed as follows: ##EQU1##

Assuming that the surface mobilities (μ's), oxide thicknesses (Tox's) channel length (L's), and device thresholds (V_(t) 's) are equal, and noting that the gate voltages (V_(G) 's) of the two MOSFET's 12 and 14 are electrically identical in value, the equation reduces to: ##EQU2## where W₂ and W₁ are the channel widths of the MOSFET's 12 and 14.

This relation shows that ideally the mirroring current I₂ in the drain connected lead 24 for MOSFET 14 is a function of both input current I₁ and the device channel widths. In the "real world" some of the parameters of Equation 1 will vary to some degree depending on variations in processing and layout procedures and electrical parameters. However, such variations can be kept to a minimum by design and production controls, so essentially the relationship of Equation 2 is valid without introducing compensating factors. This also holds true for the P-channel MOS version of the current mirror circuit, as shown in FIG. 1A, wherein the source of each transistor is connected to a common positive power supply (V_(DD)).

The current mirror as shown in FIGS. 1 and 1A is not easily controlled, so to solve this problem, as shown in FIG. 2-1, the common lead 16 between the two current elements 12 and 14 is broken and a transmission gate 26 comprising an additional pair of MOSFET elements 28 and 30 is inserted. One MOSFET element 28 has its gate connected to a control voltage C, its drain connected to the I₁ side of lead 16 and its source to the I₂ side of lead 16. The other gate element 30 has a gate connected to an inverted control voltage C which is supplied by applying the control voltage C through an inverter 32. The source of MOSFET element 14 is connected to the I₁ current lead 18 and its drain is connected to the I₂ current lead 24. To prevent the gate of output element 14 from floating when the gate elements 28 and 30 are off, another MOSFET device 34 is provided having its drain connected to the common lead 16, its source connected to ground and its gate connected to the inverted control voltage (in the N-channel MOS version of FIG. 2-1). The element 34 is essentially a pull-down transistor, which when activated pulls down the gate of the mirroring element 14 and therefore turns it off. In some instances, device 30 need not be used.

Thus, when a signal (e.g. a logic 1) is applied to the transmission gate 26 the gate is "on" and the pull-down transistor 34 is "off," so that the mirror voltage is applied to the second or mirroring transistor 14 from the first transistor 12. Conversely, if the control signal "C" is low or a logic "O," then the transmission gate transistor 28 is "off" and the pulldown transistor 34 is "on." This turns off the mirroring transistor 14. Thus, an on-off control of current I₂ is implemented which may be represented as: ##EQU3## where "C" is the control bit (zero or one).

FIG. 2-2 is a representation of the circuit of FIG. 2-1 using a logic and gate 36 to symbolize the transmission gate 26 and pulldown transistor 34, and hereafter called a control gate.

In FIG. 2A-1 is shown a P-channel MOS implementation of the basic mirror circuit with the same control elements as in the N-channel MOS version of FIG. 2-1. Here, the control input C is applied to the gate of pullup transistor 34a. The sources of MOS devices 12a and 14a are connected to a positive power source (V_(DD)) while the drain of transistor 12a is connected to a current source I₁ and the drain of transistor 14a provides the current weighted output of the circuit. The diagram using a logic symbol for the transmission gate and its control device and designated by the numeral 36a is shown in FIG. 2A-2.

FIG. 3 shows a six-bit N-channel linear current mirror digital-to-analog converter 40 comprising a series of parallel connected mirror cells 42 each of which is similar to the mirror cell of FIG. 2--2. Each cell is comprised of a control gate 36 and a mirroring transistor 44. The channel width of each mirroring transistor in this converter is carefully proportioned and in normal application is one-half the channel width of the mirroring transistor for the next adjacent cell toward the input transistor 12. Thus, the converter 40 comprises an input lead 20 connected to a power source producing a constant currant I₁ and connected to the drain of the first or input transistor 12 whose source terminal is connected to a common ground lead 18. The input lead 20 is also connected to a common branch lead 46 to which each of the other control gates 36 is connected by a lead 48. Each of these transmission gates has another input lead 50 which is connected to a control voltage source, e.g., C₀, C₁, C₂, C₃, C₄ and C₅. The output of each control gate 36 is connected to the gate electrode of one of the mirroring transistors 44 whose source terminals connected to the ground line 18 and whose drain terminals are connected to a common line 52 connected to output line 24. In this converter 40, the first mirroring transistor 14 has a channel of unit width 1W, the adjacent transistor has a channel width of 2W. The next mirroring transistor has a channel width of 4W. The next mirroring transistor has a channel width of 8W , the next, a width of unit 16, and the next transistor has a channel width of 32W, with the input transistor 12 connected directly to the I₁ power source having a channel width of 64W.

Thus, for the converter 40 of FIG. 3, the output current I₂ may be represented mathematically as follows: ##EQU4##

In the operation of the digital-to-analog converter 40, the lead 20 is connected to the reference power source that produces a constant current I₁, and the I₂ output lead 24 is connected to whatever device is adapted to receive the developed analog signal output. The control or data inputs C₀ to C₅ are connected to a six bit data input from the digital source that is to be converted. When all data inputs are zero, no current will flow in the output lead 24 because all of the transmission gates in control gates 36 are off and their respective pulldown transistors are on, thereby keeping each mirroring transistor 44 off. If one digital input is high or logic 1, for example, if the C₀ input is high and all other inputs are low, then I₂ will equal 1/64th of the current of I₁ because the ratio of the channel widths of these two devices is 1 to 64 and the device receiving the input C₀ will mirror the I₁ current of the input device in proportion to the input and mirroring device channel widths. Now, if input C₀ is turned off (becomes zero) and C₁ is turned on, the device will again mirror the I₁ current, but this time in the ratio of 2 to 64. This binary relationship also applies if different input combinations of C₀ to C₅ are selected, and the output current I₂ will vary accordingly. In a typical application, the data inputs C₀ to C₅ may be connected to a microprocessor or the like that supplies digital data in bit groups or in a clocked data stream. Depending on the resolution desired, any number of bit inputs (i.e. six or other than six) can be applied up to practical limits, and of course the resolution of the analog output increases with the number of control inputs provided. Also, a D/A converter, as just described, could be fabricated in either the N-channel MOS arrangement, as illustrated, or in P-channel, using either conventional planar or V-MOS design rules and processing techniques.

A modified form of the invention, as shown in FIG. 4, is exemplified by a six-bit complementary MOS (CMOS) linear current mirror digital-to-analog converter 60. Here, the constant current (I₁) input is connected by a lead 20 to the drain of a first input transistor 12 whose source is connected to ground in the N-channel section 62 of the converter. The gate of the input transistor 12 is connected to the gate of a non-controlled current mirroring transistor 64 of the same size, and the gates of these two transistors are connected to the constant current (I₁) source via a lead 65. Also connected to transistors 12 and 64 are three control gate elements 66, 68 and 70, all similar to the elements shown in FIG. 2--2, each comprising a transmission gate with its output attached to the gate of a mirroring transistor 44. One input 72 to each control gate is connected to the I₁ input lead 20 via a common lead 74 and its other input 76 is connected to a digital data input C₀, C₁ and C₂. Each of the mirroring transistors 44 has a channel width that has some predetermined size ratio with the input transistor 12. Thus, the first transmission gate having a data input "C₀ " has a control transistor with a channel width of "1W." The adjacent or second transmission gate having a data input "C₁ " has a control transistor with a channel width of 2W, and the third transmission gate, having a digital input of "C₂ " has a control transistor with a channel width of "4W."

In an upper P-channel section 78 of the converter 60, a mirroring transistor 14a has its source connected to a constant voltage source (V_(DD)), and its drain being connected to the analog output terminal 80. A second transistor 82, whose gate is connected to the gate of transistor 14a, also has its source connected to the V_(DD) line, but its channel width is a predetermined size greater (e.g. 8W) than the channel width of transistor 14a. The gates of transistors 14a and 82 are connected to the drain of transistor 82 and, via a lead 84 to the drains of the three control transistors 44 for the gate elements 66, 68 and 70 in the N-channel section. Now, in common with the drain of transistor 14a are the drains of three mirroring transistors 86 with their associated gate elements 88, 90 and 92 all connected in essentially the same manner as shown in FIG. 2A-1. A sixth transistor 96 in the P-channel section, having a channel width of 8W, is also source connected to the V_(DD) line 94, and its drain is connected to a lead 98 connected in common with input leads 102 to all three of the P-channel transmission gates. Again, each mirroring transistor 86 for each control gate element has a channel width which is sized in a predetermined proportion to the transistor 96, and the source of each control transistor is connected to a common V_(DD) line 94. Thus, the channel widths for the mirroring transistors of control gate elements 88, 90 and 92 are 1W, 2W and 4W, as indicated on the drawing. To each of the P-channel control gates 88, 90 and 92 is furnished another input which comes from the digital data source. Thus, gate element 88 receives an input C₃ through lead 99, gate element 90 receives an input C₄ through lead 100, and gate element 92 receives an input C₅ through lead 101.

For the converter 60, the value of the output current I₄ may be derived as follows: ##EQU5##

In operation the converter 60 provides its digital-to-analog function as follows: Assuming that all the digital data bits C₁ to C₅ are at logic zero except C₀, the circuit on its left end, as shown in FIG. 4, is a strict current mirror without any control and generates a current I₂ from the constant current input I₁. In the example shown, I₂ should be equal to I₁ because the ratio of the transistor 12 and its mirroring transistor 64 is 8W compared to 8W. The I₂ current is fed into the upper current mirror section 78, but since the bits C₃, C₄ and C₅ are low or zero, the upper mirroring devices are turned off. Since C₁ and C₂ are also zero, these devices are off and there is a current I₃ which is generated strictly by C₀. Since the control transistor for the transmission gate 70 has a channel width of 1W, the value of I₃ is 1/8 of I₁. Now, I₃ is fed to the transistor 82 in the upper or P-channel mirror section 78 via lead 84 where it is broken up into a finer resolution. Since the transistor 82 has a channel width of 8W and its mirroring transistor 14a has a width of 1W, the output current I₄ is reduced proportionately, i.e. 1/8×1/8=1/64 the value of I₁.

In another example, if C₀ were turned off and C₁ were high or logic one, the I₃ would be 2/8 or 1/4 the value of I₁ and in the second or P-channel mirror section, the value of the output current I₄ would become 1/8×2/8 or 2/64 the value of the input current I₁. If C₀, C₁ and C₂ are all assumed to be low and C₅ is a logic one, the lower or N-channel mirror section of converter 60 produces a current I₂ which enters transistor 96 which is mirrored by the transistor 86 having a channel width of 4W and producing a current 4/8 of I₂. By simple summation, I₄ would be 4/8 of I₁. Thus, as described, the circuit of FIG. 4 provides a linear type of current steering ladder.

Because the human voice covers a wide range of sound intensities, it was found that in order to minimize the number of digital bits required for voice transmission and still satisfy the aesthetics of human hearing, a logarithmic analog to digital conversion was required. One form of logarithmic curve used is commonly referred to as the "μ255 law" curve and is based on 8 bit pulse code modulation (PCM). The code is similar to scientific notation in that it consists of a sign bit, four bits for the mantissa, and three bits for the exponent. In terms of the logarithmic (companding and de-companding) curves, the sign bit determines the quadrant of operation, the three bits the chord or segment within the quadrant, and the four bits the step within the chord. The number of bits predetermines the number of level subdivisions (code numbers) by the expression 2^(n). Thus, there are two quadrants, 8 chords per quadrant, and 16 steps per chord. The μ255 law is specified by documents available from the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT) (Europe) and by the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) (USA). FIG. 5 shows an approximate version of the law composed of two quadrants and segments within the quadrants for a digital-to-analog converter used in conjuction with the encoder (transmitter). The circuit constructed in accordance with one embodiment of this invention provides approximately the same properties as the μ255 law in that the range of each increasing segment is twice the range of the previous segment. The only difference is that the first step in the first segment uses the value 2 rather than the specified value 1. This leads to a small shift in the law, and to the simplification that each segment can be represented by half the specified range value (i.e., the range 256 becomes 128). This simplification will help in understanding the algorithm required to develop the current mirror circuit required to implement the law. Since the endpoints are eventually normalized, there is no loss of generality. The following Table 1 provides the algorithm required to construct the circuit:

                  TABLE 1                                                          ______________________________________                                         APPROXIMATE μ255 LAW FOR PCM                                                ENCODER (ALGORITHM)                                                            Seg-  Code                                                                     ment  Number   Segment Range Values                                            Num-  Range    (Extreme Values)                                                ber   (n)      (v.sub.n)                                                       ______________________________________                                         -8    -127 to  0 + 0 + 128 (1 to 16) = 128 to 2048                                   -112                                                                     -7    -111 to  0 + 128 (16) + 64 (1 to 16) = 2112 to 3072                            -96                                                                      -6    -95 to   2048 + 64(16) + 32 (1 to 16) = 3104 to 3584                           -80                                                                      -5    -79 to   3072 + 32(16) + 16 (1 to 16) = 3600 to 3840                           -64                                                                      -4    -63 to   3584 + 16(16) + 8 (1 to 16) = 3848 to 3968                            -48                                                                      -3    -47 to   3840 + 8(16) + 4 (1 to 16) = 3972 to 4032                             -32                                                                      -2    -31 to   3968 + 4(16) + 2 (1 to 16) = 4034 to 4064                             -16                                                                      - 1   -15 to   4032 + 2(16) + 1 (1 to 16) = 4065 to 4080                             0                                                                        1     0 to     (4064 + 1(16)) + 1 (0 to 15) = 4080 to 4095                           15                                                                       2     16 to    4080 + 1(16) + 2 (0 to 15) = 4096 to 4126                             31                                                                       3     32 to    4096 + 2(16) + 4 (0 to 15) = 4128 to 4188                             47                                                                       4     48 to    4128 + 4(16) + 8 (0 to 15) = 4192 to 4312                             63                                                                       5     64 to    4192 + 8(16) + 16 (0 to 15) = 4320 to 4560                            79                                                                       6     80 to    4320 + 16(16) + 32 (0 to 15) = 4576 to 5056                           95                                                                       7     96 to    4576 + 32(16) + 64 (0 to 15) = 5088 to 6048                           111                                                                      8     112 to   5088 + 64(16) + 128 (0 to 15) = 6112 to 8032                          127                                                                      ______________________________________                                    

Since current mirrors have current flow in one direction the algorithm proceeds, for example, from the lower left hand corner of the graph of FIG. 5 (negative quadrant) to the upper right hand corner of the graph (positive quadrant). When the current is eventually converted to a voltage, the current flowing at the center point of the graph can be referenced to a ground potential associated with a plus and minus supply system (i.e. V_(DD) =+5V, V_(SS) =-5V, and V_(GND) =OV). The first segment (-8) encountered has a range of 128, and since each segment consists of 16 steps, the law proceeds through each step providing values whose endpoints or extreme points are shown. The second segment (-7) encountered has a range of 64. The term 128(16) is the end value of the previous segment, and is required since the law is built from the sum of each previous segment encountered. The next segment (-6) encountered consists of the steps weighted by 32, the value of the previous segment 64(16), and the sum of all other previous segments before that. The algorithm proceeds through each segment in a similar manner. From the algorithm an equation is developed as shown in the following Table 2.

                  TABLE 2                                                          ______________________________________                                         APPROXIMATE μ255 LAW FOR PCM ENCODER                                        (EQUATION)                                                                     ______________________________________                                          ##STR1##                                                                       ##STR2##                                                                       ##STR3##                                                                       ##STR4##                                                                       ##STR5##                                                                       ##STR6##                                                                       ##STR7##                                                                       ##STR8##                                                                       ##STR9##                                                                       ##STR10##                                                                     Substituting I.sub.1 and I.sub.2 into I.sub.OUT                                 ##STR11##                                                                     64(16C'.sub.6 + S.sub.x C.sub. 6) + 32(16C'.sub.5 + S.sub.x C.sub.5) +         16(16C'.sub.4 + S.sub.x C.sub.4) + 8(16C'.sub.3 + S.sub.x C.sub.3) +           4(16C'.sub.2 + S.sub.x C.sub.2) + 2(16C'.sub.1 + S.sub.x C.sub.1) +            1(16C'.sub.0 + S.sub.x C.sub.0)].                                                                        (Equation 6)                                         ______________________________________                                    

Each code number has a unique code signal word consisting of the control signal bits, and these words may be formed arbitrarily from combinations of zeros and ones and designated for the code numbers in the conventional manner. Following are Tables 3A and 3B showing typical code signal bits required to operate the μ255 law converter in FIG. 4 and provide the number and values which may be found in Orange Book Volume III-2 of The International Telecommunications Union, Geneva, Switzerland.

                                      TABLE 3A                                     __________________________________________________________________________     CODE SIGNAL BITS, NUMBER AND VALUES                                                                                               Code                                                                               Code                                                                               Code                CODE SIGNAL BITS                                   No. Value                                                                              Value               C±                                                                             C'.sub.7                                                                          C.sub.7                                                                          C'.sub.6                                                                          C.sub.6                                                                          C'.sub.5                                                                          C.sub.5                                                                          C'.sub.4                                                                          C.sub.4                                                                          C'.sub.3                                                                          C.sub.3                                                                          C'.sub.2                                                                          C.sub.2                                                                          C'.sub.1                                                                          C.sub.1                                                                          C'.sub.0                                                                          C.sub.0                                                                          S.sub.3                                                                          S.sub.2                                                                          S.sub.1                                                                          S.sub.0                                                                          n   v.sub.n                                                                            x.sub.n             __________________________________________________________________________     0  0  1 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 0 0 0 0 -127                                                                                128                                                                               -7904               0  0  1 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 1 1         1                                                                              1                                                                              -112                                                                           2048                                                                               -4064               0  1  0 0  1 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 0 0         0                                                                              0                                                                              -111                                                                           2112                                                                               -3936               0  1  0 0  1 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 1 1         1                                                                              1                                                                              -96                                                                            3072                                                                               -2016               0  1  0 1  0 0  1 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 0 0         0                                                                              0                                                                              -95                                                                            3104                                                                               -1952               0  1  0 1  0 0  1 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 1 1         1                                                                              1                                                                              -80                                                                            3584                                                                               -992                0  1  0 1  0 1  0 0  1 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 0 0         0                                                                              0                                                                              -79                                                                            3600                                                                               -960                0  1  0 1  0 1  0 0  1 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 1 1         1                                                                              1                                                                              -64                                                                            3840                                                                               -480                0  1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 0  1 0  0 0  0 0  0 0 0         0                                                                              0                                                                              -63                                                                            3848                                                                               -464                0  1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 0  1 0  0 0  0 0  0 1 1         1                                                                              1                                                                              -48                                                                            3968                                                                               -224                0  1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 0  1 0  0 0  0 0 0         0                                                                              0                                                                              -47                                                                            3972                                                                               -216                0  1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 0  1 0  0 0  0 1 1         1                                                                              1                                                                              -32                                                                            4032                                                                               -96                 0  1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 0  1 0  0 0 0         0                                                                              0                                                                              -31                                                                            4034                                                                               -92                 0  1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 0  1 0  0 1 1         1                                                                              1                                                                              -16                                                                            4064                                                                               -32                 0  1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 0  1 0 0         0                                                                              0                                                                              -15                                                                            4065                                                                               -30                 0  1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 0  1 1 1         1                                                                              1                                                                              0                                                                              4080                                                                               -0                  __________________________________________________________________________      NOTE:                                                                          x.sub.n = 2(v.sub.n - 4080)                                              

                                      TABLE 3B                                     __________________________________________________________________________     CODE SIGNAL BITS, NUMBER, AND VALUES                                                                                              Code                                                                              Code                                                                               Code                 CODE SIGNAL BITS                                   No.                                                                               Value                                                                              Value                C±                                                                             C'.sub.7                                                                          C.sub.7                                                                          C'.sub.6                                                                          C.sub.6                                                                          C'.sub.5                                                                          C.sub.5                                                                          C'.sub.4                                                                          C.sub.4                                                                          C'.sub.3                                                                          C.sub.3                                                                          C'.sub.2                                                                          C.sub.2                                                                          C'.sub.1                                                                          C.sub.1                                                                          C'.sub.0                                                                          C.sub.0                                                                          S.sub.3                                                                          S.sub.2                                                                          S.sub.1                                                                          S.sub.0                                                                          n  v.sub.n                                                                            x.sub.n              __________________________________________________________________________     1  0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  1 0 0 0 0  0 4082                                                                               +0                   1  0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  1 1 1        1                                                                              1                                                                              15                                                                             4095                                                                               30                   1  0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  1 1  0 0 0        0                                                                              0                                                                              16                                                                             4096                                                                               32                   1  0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  1 1  0 1 1        1                                                                              1                                                                              31                                                                             4126                                                                               92                   1  0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  1 1  0 1  0 0 0        0                                                                              0                                                                              32                                                                             4128                                                                               96                   1  0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  1 1  0 1  0 1 1        1                                                                              1                                                                              47                                                                             4188                                                                               216                  1  0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  1 1  0 1  0 1  0 0 0        0                                                                              0                                                                              48                                                                             4192                                                                               224                  1  0  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 0  1 1  0 1  0 1  0 1 1        1                                                                              1                                                                              63                                                                             4312                                                                               464                  1  0  0 0  0 0  0 0  1 1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 0 0        0                                                                              0                                                                              64                                                                             4320                                                                               480                  1  0  0 0  0 0  0 0  1 1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 1 1        1                                                                              1                                                                              79                                                                             4560                                                                               960                  1  0  0 0  0 0  1 1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 0 0        0                                                                              0                                                                              80                                                                             4576                                                                               992                  1  0  0 0  0 0  1 1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 1 1        1                                                                              1                                                                              95                                                                             5056                                                                               1952                 1  0  0 0  1 1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 0 0        0                                                                              0                                                                              96                                                                             5088                                                                               2016                 1  0  0 0  1 1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 1 1        1                                                                              1                                                                              111                                                                            6048                                                                               3936                 1  0  1 1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 0 0        0                                                                              0                                                                              112                                                                            6112                                                                               4064                 1  0  1 1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 1  0 1 1        1                                                                              1                                                                              127                                                                            8032                                                                               7904                 __________________________________________________________________________      NOTE:                                                                          x.sub.n = 2 (v.sub.n - 4080)                                             

The circuit representing a digital-to-analog converter 104 for implementing the "μ255" law according to the present invention is shown in FIG. 6. The circuit is comprised of controlled and uncontrolled current mirrors including a first (or lower) series of N-channel current mirrors 122 for implementing the step values of the law (having values 1,2, . . . 16 for the negative quadrant, and values 0,1, . . . ,15 for the positive quadrant), and a second (or upper) series of current mirrors 132 for implementing the segment portion of the law (having weighted values 1,2,4, . . . 128). A single current mirror 138 is provided for implementing the sign bit to determine the quadrant of operation.

A reference current I_(R) is supplied by a lead 112 to the drain and gate of a first input transistor 114 and also to the gate of a mirroring transistor 116 whose drain is connected by a lead 118 to the upper series of current minor control gates 108. The I_(R) current is also furnished as one input to each of the control gates 106. A detailed circuit diagram for these N-channel current mirror control gates is shown in FIG. 6B. The other input leads 120 to these N-channel control gates are connected to separate data inputs S₀, S₁, S₂ and S₃. The output of each control gate 106 is connected to the gate of a mirroring MOSFET 122 whose channel has a preselected width (as indicated) so that it will conduct a proportionate amount of current. The source electrodes for all five of these mirroring transistors 122 as well as the transistors 114 and 116 are connected to a common lead 124 from a ground of V_(SS) terminal. The drain electrodes for the mirroring transistors 122 are connected to a common lead 126 extending to the upper series of current mirrors.

The control gates 108 in the upper bank or series, as shown in a detailed circuit diagram of FIG. 6c have two signal input terminals c and d for receiving the coded input data signals (CO CO', Cl Cl', etc.) and two input terminals a and b. The "a" terminals for all eight of the current mirrors are connected in parallel to a common lead 128 and the "b" terminals are connected to a common lead 130. Each of the control gates 108 has an output terminal "e" which is connected to the gate of a mirroring transistor 132 whose source is connected to a common lead 134 from a positive voltage supply V_(DD). The drain electrode of each mirroring transistor is connected to a common lead 136 providing the output current I_(OUT). Each mirroring transistor 132 in the upper series has a channel width that is one-half the size of the next adjacent transistor of the series so as to provide a proportional current output. Thus, an indicated, the eight mirroring transistors connected the eight current mirrors 108 have channel widths of 1W to 128W. The P-channel control gate 110 (having the circuitry of FIG. 6A) has an output connected to the gate of a mirroring transistor 138 whose channel width is 255W andwhose source is connected to the V_(DD) lead 134. Its drain electrode is connected to the common output lead 136.

A pair of first and second input transistors 140 and 142 are connected in parallel with the mirroring transistors 132 and both have channel widths of 255W. The sources of these transistors are connected to the common V_(DD) lead 134. The drain and gate electrodes of the first transistor 140 are connected to the I₁ lead 128 which in turn is connected to the linear "AND" gate 110 and to the "a" inlet terminal of each of the control gates 108, while the drain and gate electrodes of the second transistor 142 are connected to the "b" inlet terminals on these control gates.

The linear AND gate 110 receives a sign data input (C±) through a lead 144 which is also connected via a lead 146 through an inverter 148 to a lower current mirror control gate 106a.

In the operation of the circuit 104 upper current mirrors 132 (having weighted channel values 1, 2, 4, . . . , 128) implement the segment portion of the "μ255" law, and the lower current mirrors 122 implement the step values of the law (having values 1, 2, . . . , 16 for the negative quadrant, and values 0, 1, . . . 15 for the positive quadrant). To illustrate how those figures and tables are related, an example of one value may be given. Assume that for a selected code number, (e.g. 31) the step bits (S₃ to S₀) are all ones (1's). Thus, the current I₂ consists of the sum of currents from the associated mirrors controlled by those bit values. I₂ is thus equal to ##EQU6## and the current I₁ is equal to (16/32)I_(R). Those currents are directed into the segment portion of the circuit. Since the value selected is within the positive quadrant, the sign bit (C±) is unity (1), annd one component of the output current I_(OUT) is thus ##EQU7## The remaining components are obtained from the lowest weighted segment mirrors 132 (i.e. 1W and 2W) on the upper right of FIG. 6. Those are respectively equal to ##EQU8## The total sum of currents equals ##EQU9## The value within the parenthesis is the value v_(n) indicated in a predetermined code word table and is normalized according to the value 255×32 equals (8160). To compare to the actual values (v_(n) 's) of the μ255 law, the value v_(n) is adjusted by the equation 2(v_(n) -4080). The factor 2 accounts for the simplification made previously and cancels in the normalization procedure. The term 4080 is needed to reposition the origin to the center of the μ255 graph, and in the actual circuit, this is accomplished by defining the voltage drop created by the current (I_(OUT)) in the center of the graph by ground potential.

Thus, it is seen that in a coder-decoder system, a stream of digital data supplied to the digital-to-analog circuit 104 will produce an analog output in accordance with the μ255 law. In this manner, the complexities of the analog voice signal can be reproduced without excessive noise and/or distortion.

In digital data transmission, the multiplication of signals is an important signal processing procedure. For example, modulation and conversion of signals from one frequency to another requires such processing. Using the principles of the present invention, multiplication of signals is easily accomplished using four current-mirror digital-to-analog converters 150, 152, 154 and 156 as shown in FIG. 7. These two P-channel and two N-channel current mirror digital-to-analog converters are cascaded by connecting the output of one to the input of another. The input current I₁ to the converter 150 may be a reference (constant) current or it may be varying. The current-mirror D to A's may be linear weighted (i.e., the weights of each increasing bit will double compared to the previous bit) or non-linear weighted with the bit weights selected as desired. According to Table 3B, all values of "C" are zero except C₁ and C₀ ' so the current from each D to A converter may be represented by the equation:

    I.sub.OUT =d.sub.i I.sub.IN =(w.sub.n C.sub.n + . . . +w.sub.1 C.sub.1 +w.sub.0 C.sub.0)I.sub.IN

where

I_(OUT), I_(IN) : The output and input current

w_(n) : The control bit weight

C_(n) : The control bit input (having value 0 or 1)

d_(i) : The general control vector consisting of a sum of products of the control weights and bits

The output current I₂ provided by the digital-to-analog converter 156 is I₂ =d₁ I₃. The adjacent D to A converter 154 next to it has an output current value of I₃ =d₂ I₄ ; the next adjacent converter 152 has a value of I₄ =d₃ I₅, and the last converter 150 has a value of I₅ =d₄ I₁. Substituting those equations results in the output current I₂ being a multiplicative function of the digital vectors, i.e., I₂ =d₄ d₃ d₂ d₁ I₁. Although FIG. 7 shows a multiplication of four vectors, the size of the multiplication of the digital variables may be of any value (i.e., from two to a value limited by the performance requirements of the multiplying D to A converter).

Current-mirror D to A converters may also be incorporated into an A to D conversion scheme utilizing a conversion technique known as successive approximation. In a typical arrangement shown in FIG. 8, a voltage reference 158 provides a constant voltage V_(R) to a voltage to current converter consisting of a suitable operational amplifier 160. The output of this op-amp is connected to the gate of an N-channel MOS transistor 162 whose drain is connected to a negative feedback lead 164 that is also connected through a resistor R₁ to ground. Thus, a current (V_(R/) R₁) is supplied by a lead 166 to a D to A current mirror which receives data inputs from a successive approximation register 170 (SAR). Connected to the current mirror 168 is a current to voltage converter, consisting of a suitable operational amplifier 172 and a resistor R₂ (providing an output voltage v=(1-d(R₁ /R₂) (V_(R))) whose output is connected to a suitable comparator 174 having gain greater than 2^(n) for an n bit converter). The output of the comparator is connected by a lead 176 to the SAR 170, and the positive input to the op-amp 172 is connected by a lead 178 to the reference voltage 158. Thus, the algorithm of the conversion process is as follows with some unknown voltage v_(in) applied to the comparator: the unknown voltage has a value between zero and the reference voltage V_(R) (say (11/16)V_(R)).

Assume a simple case wherein the converter 168 has a resolution of 4 bits or 16 decision levels. Assume also that all digital bits from the SAR 170 start at value zero at the beginning of the cycle, and that the resistors R₁ and R₂ have equal values with v=(1-d)V_(R), and d=w_(n) C_(n) + . . . +w₁ C₁ +w₀ C₀ where w_(n) are the weights and C_(n) the control (bits), thus d=0.

With the next cycle bit C₃ (the most significant bit) is set to a value zero, thus d=8/16 and the voltage to the comparator's negative input v equal ##EQU10## since the input value v_(n) equals (16/11)V_(R) and the value v is (7/16)V_(R) (i.e. below v_(in)), the comparator provides a digital value zero to the SAR. The SAR will store that value on the signal line C₃ for the remaining cycles. For the next cycle, bit C₂ is set to value one, thus v equals ##EQU11## With v_(in) equaling (16/11)V_(R) and with v equaling (16/12)V_(R) (i.e. above v_(in)), the value provided by the comparator is one and is stored on bit C₂. For the next cycle, bit C₁ is set to value one, thus v equals ##EQU12## With v_(in) equaling (16/11)V_(R) and v equaling (16/10)V_(R) (i.e. below v_(in)), the value provided by the comparator is zero and is stored on bit C₁. For the next cycle, bit C₀ is set to value one, thus v equals ##EQU13## With v_(in) equaling v, the value provided by the comparator is zero and is stored on bit C₀. The digital values C₃ C₂ C₁ C₀ =0100 stored is the binary complement of the analog value applied to the A to D ##EQU14##

To those skilled in the art to which this invention relates, many changes in construction and widely differing embodiments and applications of the invention will suggest themselves without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The disclosures and the description herein are purely illustrative and are not intended to be in any sense limiting. 

I claim:
 1. A digital to analog converter making use of current mirror transistors comprisinga first reference transistor connected to conduct a first reference current; a selected number of first transistors, each connected to conduct, when activated, a current of a unique value in proportion to said first reference current; first means to activate one or more of said selected number of first transistors to conduct respective currents of said unique values; current mirror means to form a sum of the currents conducted by said selected number of first transistors, when activated, and to produce a first summed current which is a selected proportion of said sum; a second reference transistor for conducting a second reference current; a selected number of second transistors each connected to conduct, when activated, a current of a unique value in proportion to said second reference current; second means to activate one or more of said selected number of second transistors to conduct respective currents of said unique values; and means to form a sum of said first summed current and the current conducted by said selected number of second transistors, when activated, to produce an output current proportional to a selected digital input signal.
 2. Structure as in claim 1 wherein said first and second means to activate are controlled by a digital code word and wherein said output signal from said converter is proportional to the magnitude of said digital code word.
 3. A digital to analog converter comprising:a constant current supply; a constant voltage supply; a series of N input terminals for receiving N digital input signals, where N is a selected positive integer; a reference terminal; an output terminal for providing an analog output current; a current mirror comprising a first MOS transistor capable of passing a first selected current, a second MOS transistor connected to pass a current proportional to said first current, and a control element for turning on and off said second transistor, said current mirror having a first lead connected to said constant current supply, second and third leads connected to said reference terminal, and a fourth lead on which said current mirror provides said current proportional to said first selected current through said first lead of said current mirror; a first series of M FETs of a first conductivity type each having a gate, a source, a drain, and a channel between said source and drain, each said source of said first series of FETs being connected in common to said reference terminal and each said drain of said first series of FETs being connected in common, where M is a second selected integer; a first series of M switch means, each having an input lead connected to said current supply, a control lead connected to a respective one of said series of N input terminals, and an output lead connected to said gate of a respective one of said first series of M FETs, whereby said first series of M switch means controls a first current through said first series of M FETs; an FET of a second conductivity type opposite said first conductivity type, having a gate, a source, and a drain, said source being connected to said voltage supply and said drain and said gate being connected to said fourth lead of said current mirror; a second series of R FETs of said second conductivity type each having a gate, a source, a drain, and a channel between said source and drain, each said source of said second series of R FETs being connected in common to said voltage supply, and each said drain of said second series of R FETs connected in common to said output terminal, where R is a third selected integer; a second series of R switch means each having an input lead connected to said fourth lead of said current mirror, a control lead connected to a respective one of said series of N input terminals, and an output lead connected to said gate of a respective one of said second series of R FETs, whereby said second series of R switch means controls a second current through said second series of FETs; and current scaling means for adding a selected fraction of said first current to said second current and providing a third current equal to the sum of said first current and said second current at said output terminal, wherein said third current is defined by the value of said N digital input signals.
 4. The structure of claim 3 wherein saidcurrent scaling means has first and second leads connected to said voltage supply, a third lead connected to said drains of said first series of M FETs for providing a current to the drains of said first series of M FETs, and a fourth lead for providing a current to said output terminal proportional to the current through said third lead of said current scaling means.
 5. The structure of claim 3 includingmeans for providing digital input signals comprising least significant to most significant binary signals; means for applying each of said binary signals to a corresponding one of said series of N input terminals and through one switch of said first and said second series of switch means to the gate of the corresponding one of said first and second series of FETs.
 6. The structure of claim 3 whereinsaid current mirror comprises a pair of FETs of said first conductivity type each having a gate, source and drain, said gates and a first one of said drains being connected to said first lead to said current supply, said sources being connected to said second and third leads, and having a second one of said drains connected to said fourth lead of said current mirror.
 7. The structure of claim 3 whereinsaid current scaling means comprises two FETs having sources connected to said voltage supply, gates and a first drain connected to said drains of said first series of FETs, and a second drain connected to said output terminal.
 8. The structure of claim 5 wherein the channel of each FET in said first and second series of FETs is one-half the width of the channel of an adjacent FET within said series, whereby each FET of said first and second series of FETs conducts a current whose magnitude is defined by the location of the FET in said first and second series of FETs and by the state and significance of the binary signal corresponding to said FET.
 9. The structure of claim 8 wherein said N input terminals are numbered from n=0 to N-1 for least to most significant digital input signals, respectively, where n is an integer given by 0≦n≦N-1, said digital input signals each have a value V_(n) equal to 0 or 1; said constant current is denominated I_(ref) ; and said output current is equal to ##EQU15##
 10. A digital to analog converter comprising:a constant current supply; a constant voltage supply; a plurality of N input terminals for receiving N digital input signals, where N is a positive integer; a ground terminal; an output terminal for providing an analog signal; a first current supply FET of a first conductivity type having a drain and a gate connected in common to said current supply, a source connected to said ground terminal, and a channel region between said source and drain; a first series of current switching first conductivity type FETs and corresponding switches, said first series of FETs each having a gate, a source, a drain and a channel region between said source and drain, wherein the width of said channel region is a selected fraction of the width of said channel of said first current supply FET, said sources of said first switching FETs being connected to said ground terminal, and said drains of said first switching FETs being connected to a node, said corresponding switches having a control lead connected to a corresponding one of said N input terminals, an input lead connected to said current source, and an output lead connected to said gate of that one of said first series of current switching first conductivity type FETs to which said switch corresponds, whereby digital signals applied to said control leads cause each said switching FET to conduct or not to conduct a current to said common node, said current being in proportion to the width of the channel region of said FET, the currents through said first series of current switching first conductivity type FETs forming a first sum of currents; a first current supply mirroring FET of said first conductivity type having a gate connected to said current supply, a source connected to said ground terminal, and a drain through which said first current supply mirroring FET provides a current proportional to current through said first current supply FET; a second current supply mirroring FET, of a second conductivity type which is opposite to said first conductivity type, having a source connnected to said voltage supply, having a channel, and having a gate and a drain connected in common to said drain of said first current supply mirroring FET, whereby the same value of current flows through said second current supply mirroring FET as through said first current supply mirroring FET; a second series of current switching second conductivity type FETs and corresponding switches, said second series of current switching second conductivity type FETs each having a gate, a source, a drain and a channel region between said source and drain, wherein the width of said channel region is a selected fraction of the width of said channel region of said second current supply mirroring FET, said sources of said second series of current switching second conductivity type FETs being connected in common to said voltage supply and said drains of said second series of current switching second conductivity type FETs being connected in common and supplying a second sum of currents to said output terminal, said corresponding switches each having a control lead connected to a corresponding one of said N input terminals, an input lead connected to said drain of said second current supply mirroring FET, and having an output lead connected to said gate of the switching second conductivity type FET to which said switch corresponds; and current scaling means including a first scaling FET of said second conductivity type having a source connected to said voltage supply, a gate and a drain connected in common to said node, and a channel region between said gate and drain, whereby said first sum of currents through said first series of current switching first conductivity type FETs flows through said first scaling FET, said current scaling means further including a second scaling FET of said second conductivity type having a channel region whose width is a selected fraction of the width of said channel region of said first scaling FET, said second scaling FET having a source connected to said voltage supply, a gate connected to said gate of said first scaling FET, and a drain connected to said output terminal, whereby said second scaling FET conducts a current to said output terminal in the same proportion to the current through said first scaling FET as the proportion of the channel width of said second scaling FET to the channel width of said first scaling FET, whereby said current from said second scaling FET and said second sum of currents together form an output signal which is defined by said N digital input signals.
 11. The converter of claim 10 wherein said selected fractions for the widths W of said switching FETs are interrelated by the formula W=2 exp(rem n/s), where said switching FETs are numbered n=0 to N-1 corresponding to the least to most significant of said N digital inputs respectively, s=N/2, and "rem" means integers remaining after an integer quotient.
 12. The converter of claim 10 wherein said selected fractions for the widths W of said switching FETs are interrelated by the formula W=2 exp(rem n/s), where said switching FETS are numbered n=0 to N-1 corresponding to the least to most significant of said N digital inputs respectively, s=(N-1)/2, and "rem" means integers remaining after an integer quotient.
 13. The converter of claim 10 wherein the product of channel widths of said first scaling FET and the member of said second series of switching FETs corresponding to the least significant digital input to said second series is twice the product of channel widths of said second scaling FET and the member of said first series of switching FETs corresponding to the most significant digital input to said first series. 